Student Abstracts: Engineering at LBNL

BEARS Diagnostics. AARON DAVIS (Southwestern College, Chula Vista, CA 91910) PEGGY MCMAHAN (Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory, Berkley, CA 94720) .
A diagnostic device was created for use with BEARS--Berkeley Experiments with Accelerated Radioactive Species. The diagnostic device will take the place of phosphors, which are useful at the low beam intensities used in BEARS. The diagnostic device consists of a positively charged carbon foil, two strong permanent magnets, and a 25mm micro channel plate.

Containment Testing of the Berkeley Fume Hood. MATTHEW FISHER (Augustana College, Rock Island, IL 61201) GEOFFREY C. BELL (Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory, Berkley, CA 94720) .
This summer's research was dedicated to preparing a Berkeley Fume Hood for installation at San Diego State University, a future demonstration site. The Berkeley Hood introduces room air at the face thus reducing the air volume drawn from the room needed for hood containment. Reducing exhaust results in large energy savings while still meeting containment standards. Preparation of the hood entailed sealing leaks in the hood, obtaining an even velocity distribution out of each supply plenum, and testing the hood for containment. The hood's fittings and joints were sealed with silicone caulk to prevent leakage of fumes. The initial configuration of the lower supply plenum yielded a range of velocities from 31 FPM to 107 FPM. By manipulating the construction of the plenum and streamlining the air intake of the fan, we obtained a more even velocity distribution ranging between 77 FPM and 89 FPM. Throughout the United States the most accepted test for fume hoods is the ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 110-1995 test. It is a three part test that offers qualitative and quantitative means to testing the performance of fume hoods. The Berkeley Hood was tested according to the ASHRAE Standard 110-1995 protocol using two recognized detectors: the ITI Qualitek Leakmeter "120" and the Foxboro Miran 1A Gas Analyzer. At 30% the exhaust of a conventional hood, we successfully passed the ASHRAE tracer gas test by meeting the specific requirement of 4.0 AI 0.1, set by the American National Standard Institute.

Developing New Technology for High Gradient Induction Accelerators. CARMEN FRIAS (East Los Angeles College, Monterey Park, Ca 91754) DR. STEVE LIDIA (Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory, Berkley, CA 94720) .
The high-energy physics world uses high-energy colliders to probe into the structure of matter. Current technology limits the high-energy scale to 100-200 GeV. High-energy physicists believe that they will find important information on the structure of matter at a 500 GeV-1 TeV scale. To achieve such a high scale a higher-power more efficient power source is needed. The RTA group is currently developing this kind of technology. Their current linear induction accelerator uses Ferrite cores, which have a magnetic flux swing (DB) of 0.5-0.6 Tesla. By replacing the Ferrite cores with MetGlas DB is increased to 2.5 Tesla or greater. This is an improvement of a factor of five. Before being able to replace the Ferrite with MetGlas, the MetGlas cores must first be tested to make sure that they are within specifications. To do this I set-up a tabletop experiment to find the value of DB for individual MetGlas cores. I then wrote a LabVIEW program that does the following: 1. Acquires data from the oscilloscope 2. Plots the graph of the Magnetic Field (H) 3. Plots the graph of the Magnetic Induction (B) 3. Plots the graph of B vs. H (Hysteresis Curve) and 4. Plots the graph of the Integral of B*H (Energy Losses). From the Hysteresis curve we obtain the value of DB. The value of DB for the cores that I tested ranged from 3.0-3.3 Tesla, which is well above the specifications.

Indoor Environmental Quality of Relocatable Classrooms: Preparation of Active Sampling Instruments. SHAWNA LIFF (Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02118) MICHAEL G. APTE (Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory, Berkley, CA 94720) .
Dr. Apte and associates from the Indoor Environment Department are attempting to establish new relocatable classroom (RC) designs that simultaneously provide higher energy efficiency and better indoor environmental quality (IEQ) in California. It is thought that RC occupants will benefit from improved IEQ through increased health and performance. The incorporation of a new HVAC system and the implementation of lower emitting materials in RCs will be evaluated using samples of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), aldehydes (ALDs), and carbon dioxide (CO2), counts of various sized particles, and temperature and relative humidity measurements. Before sampling each instrument was prepared for field installation and its functionality and accuracy evaluated at the laboratory. Evaluation consisted of a month of continual operation during which data was collected to monitor instrument performance. The CO2 sampler's calibration measurements and the ALD and VOC sampler's flowrates proved to be consistent and no operational glitches were observed. One particle counter experienced a fatal error while the other seven counters tracked well but did not display the 5% error the manufacturer guaranteed. Consequently, two of the seven counters were sent back to the manufacturer for re-calibration. The humidity sensors displayed compatibility, however the 2% error guaranteed by the manufacturer was exceeded. All the instruments are ready for fieldwork and the VOC, ALD, and CO2 samplers display minimal performance degradation, while the error of the humidity sensors and particle counters exceed that specified by their manufacturers and will be significant in the analysis of field data.

Energy Efficient Lighting. EVAN STONE (Santa Barbara City College, Santa Barbara, CA 93109) MICHAEL SIMINOVITCH (Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory, Berkley, CA 94720) .
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory has developed an energy efficient lamp named the Berkeley Lamp. The lamp is applicable in both home and office settings, and is bright enough to light up any room. The Berkeley lamp consists of two compact fluorescent lamps that are separated with a reflective dish designed to direct light a particular direction. From the upper lamp, light is directed upward toward the ceiling, and thereby illuminating the room with an indirect source. When using the lower lamp, light is directed downward and illuminates the task area. The Berkeley Lamp's two compact fluorescent lamps use about 115 Watts at full power, while typical overhead lighting in one office uses about 250 Watts. The lamp has potential for large energy savings, but the evidence must be concrete. I was thereby able to develop methods that could measure energy savings and could determine the full impact that the Berkeley Lamp would have in an office. Certain characteristics of offices can have a big influence on the collected data. Issues such as day lighting, occupancy sensors, double occupancy offices, and a recent effort to conserve energy, all need to be included in the data analysis. So far, I have deployed an initial set of light loggers into LBL offices, visited sites that might work well for collecting data, and determined the connected load to numerous offices. Soon we will be able to accurately state how much energy the Berkeley Lamp can save.

A Superconducting Undulator. SAI-WANG TAM (Pasadena City College, Pasadena, CA 91770) SHLOMO CASPI (Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory, Berkley, CA 94720) .
Superconducting Undulator is an important device for generating Synchrotron Radiation. An Undulator magnet is a device consisting of a sequence of dipole magnets with alternating polarity. Superconducting coils generate the magnetic field and the resultant field of y component is sinusoidal oscillation. When the electron bean pass through the magnetic field, the electron will oscillate in the horizontal plane due to the Lorenz forces . Because electron accelerates during oscillating, polarized synchrotron radiation is emitted. In order to analysis the magnetic generating from the Undulator, a C program was written to model the geometry coil. The geometry of the coil was described by considering each wire segment as a rectangular box of eight corners. All the coordinates of each corner was calculated through out to a real winding situation. Then the resultant geometry displayed in the AutoCAD, 3D Exploring and ProEngineering. After the entire geometry of coil completed, the magnetic field was calculated by using numerical method of Biot-Savart Law . Since the geometry of coil divided into many small boxes, the total magnetic field summed up from all contribution of each box. There were two important advantages of this geometry. First, the magnetic field of y component is uniform across the beam. Second, the magnetic field of x and z component are zero along the coil center.

Mechanical Designs for a Support Structure and Header Plate of a Nb3Sn Superconducting Magnet. DANIEL VALENTINE (Christian Brothers University, Memphis, TN 38119) RAY HAFALA (Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory, Berkley, CA 94720) .
The quality of superconducting magnets serves great importance to particle accelerators. Through engineering design and extensive testing of these superconducting magnets, greater magnetic fields can be reached to push materials to their mechanical limits. This would help engineers to define the properties that are required to go even harder. With magnet design changing so must the objets and mechanisms used to test it change. This is the case with the 32" header piece off of the cryostat unit used in testing these superconducting magnets. A special cut had to be made through this plate so that proper measurements of the superconducting magnet's field could be made with the probing unit. Slight modifications also had to be implemented to the probing unit so that the orientation of the transversing mechanism would be directly over the magnet bore hole. With cost efficiency in mind, the superconducting magnet group has come up with the idea to reduce their testing magnet to a 1/3-size scale. This would reduce the amount of material used and therefore the overall cost. Now, modifications have to be implemented for a smaller cryostat unit to be placed where the full sized unit was. The new support structure for the 1/3-scale superconducting magnet has been designed using a four point structure. From each pole protrudes an arm that connects to the cryostat to suspend it approximately 2 inches above the ground.

Effects of continuous ventilation on Indoor Air Quality (IAQ). JACOB WEMPEN (Utah State Univeristy, Logan, UT 84321) CRAIG WRAY (Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory, Berkley, CA 94720) .
Space-conditioning system operation affects energy use and indoor air quality (IAQ) in houses. This study assesses the IAQ implications of continuous versus cyclic system operation with and without whole-house ventilation, in support of ASHRAE Standard 62.2P. A calibrated multizone airflow and contaminant transport model of a Fresno, CA house was constructed and used to evaluate the effectiveness of six system operation and ventilation schemes for controlling distributed and point source contaminants over a day with cooling and a day with heating. The whole-house ventilation schemes considered were: infiltration with unintentional ventilation due to duct leakage, infiltration with continuous single-point central exhaust ventilation, and infiltration with cyclic multi-point supply ventilation. The multizone simulations show that continuous air-handler operation can significantly lower both the peak and average concentrations for both point source and distributed source contaminants, and can reduce room-to-room variability, regardless of mechanical ventilation strategy. Mechanical ventilation with cyclic air-handler operation can also lower the average concentration of both point source and distributed source contaminants, but can still produce unacceptably high peak concentrations from point sources. Further research is necessary to evaluate these issues over a wider range of residential floor plans, ventilation system configurations, and weather. Research to create a tool that can evaluate the simultaneous IAQ and energy implications of coupled space-conditioning system operation and ventilation is needed.

Enhancing the Design Guide for Energy Efficient Research Laboratories. JONATHAN WINKLER (James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807) GEOFFREY BELL (Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory, Berkley, CA 94720) .
Laboratory facilities consume extreme quantities of energy to provide conditions required for adequate research, and to ensure a high level of worker safety. In a world where energy is a limited supply, laboratories must be designed to operate as efficiently as possible. Through the "Design Guide for Energy-Efficient Research Laboratories" designers can discover where and how energy savings can be made. When originally written in 1996 the design guide was viewed as a useful tool in aiding in the design of efficient labs. With the addition of pictures, diagrams, drawings, and internet links to outside sources, the Design Guide will prove to be a more effective design tool. These pictures and diagrams being added to the Design Guide were found by conducting a search of related internet web pages. Power Point presentations used in training by the creators of the Design Guide also contained various pictures and diagrams that will be incorporated into the Design Guide. Drawings were made when a required diagram could not be found and these were constructed using Auto CAD software. The additions made to the Design Guide will be implemented in September 2001. The effectiveness of the design guide is expected to increase.