A Rhodium Bound Polymer Matrix as a Biosensor and an Electrochemical Enzymatic Reactor. MELISA CARPIO (University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720) DR. JOHN B. KERR (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkley, CA, 94720)

Creating a polymer matrix is important because it can be used to coat an electrode for use as a sensor in biosensing devices or in synthetic enzymatic reactors. Such devices can detect, record, and transmit information regarding the presence of, or physiological changes in, different chemical or biological materials in the medicine and the environment. They can also be used to drive bioprocesses at rates that are useful for production of chemicals and fuels. The goal of this research is to synthesize a polymer matrix and to test the capability of such a matrix in an enzymatic reduction reaction. The reaction of interest is the reduction of a ketone (benzylactone) to an alcohol (4-phenyl-2-butanol). This reaction is run using a rhodium catalyst complexed with one of two ligands (bispyridine or bisimidazole), NAD+, and alcohol dehydrogenase as an enzyme. The rhodium is reduced from Rh(III) to Rh(I), which reacts with water producing a hydride that specifically reduces NAD+ to 1,4-NADH, which then reacts through the enzyme with the ketone to make alcohol and regenerate NAD+. Electrochemical experiments have shown that at room temperature and pH 7, the ketone was successfully reduced to alcohol for both the bispyridine and bisimidazole ligands. Future work includes attaching the synthesized ligands, the NAD+, and the enzyme to an allyloxy-ethoxy comb polymer to create a matrix that will bind the rhodium catalyst. Finally, the entire polymer matrix can be used to coat a carbon electrode that carries the electrons between the electrode and the enzyme. Such a system has a variety of applications including the medical field as a glucose or urea sensor, in the environmental field as a detector of harmful chemicals and as a bioreactor system for conversion of photons to chemicals and fuels.

Analysis of Heavy-Ion Beam Images and Comparison to Retarding Potential Analyzer Measurements. BETH ROSENBERG (University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94549) PETER SEIDL (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkley, CA, 94720)

It has been predicted that world energy demand will soon outstrip the currently available energy sources. Fusion energy is a potential solution to this problem if it can be controlled and converted into electricity in an economically feasible manner. One type of potential fusion energy plant is heavy-ion beam drivers employed in inertial fusion. As part of the High Current Experiment (HCX), we seek to understand the injection, transport and focusing of high-current ion beams, by investigating the interactions of background-gas and electrons (which can deteriorate the beam quality), with the primary K⁺ beam. We present here a method of analyzing the electrostatic potential distribution due to the beam space charge within the grounded conducting vacuum pipe. This method enables tracking of ions arising from the ionization of background gas atoms by the incident K⁺ beam. The beam intensity distribution is obtained from images gathered using a scintillator placed in the beam path. These data are used to calculate the expelled ion energy distribution, which is then compared to data collected from a Retarding Potential Analyzer (RPA). The comparison of the image analysis with RPA measurements is in fair agreement, given model and experimental uncertainties. Some remaining issues to be explored include the apparent correlation of maximum beam potential with RMS beam size, the systematic effect of background subtraction in the images, as well as possible 3D effects. The completed method increases capacity to investigate and understand the physics of intense beams, furthering the development of a viable heavy-ion driver for an inertial fusion power plant, which is intended to make fusion energy an affordable and environmentally attractive source of electric power.

Electronic Beam Monitor. CHRISTOPHER JAMES (Prairie View A&M University Prairie View, TX 77642) QUINCY JOHNSON (Prairie View A&M University Prairie View, TX 77446) MIKE JOHNSON (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkley, CA, 94720)

The Nuclear Science Division of the 88' Cyclotron has designed an electronic beam monitor (EBM) in the cave 4B vacuum chamber. The initial prototype, consisting of a memory chip, mounted on a solenoid driven mechanical arm in the heavy ion vacuum chamber, is described. This prototype is composed of materials that react well under vacuum. The mechanical arm discussed here moves in and out of the beam remotely to alternately apply beam to the chip and the part being tested. Electronic sources that produce little noise under vacuum are necessary to prevent interference with the readouts. Future work will enable the beam to hit the memory chip and read the number of upsets the chips sees without interference, providing users with a functional check to ensure that the appropriate beam is hitting their device.

Heat Radiation Studies for the Neutralized Drift Compression Experiment Injector System. ELIZABETH HERNANDEZ (Ventura Community College Ventura, CA 93030) MATTHAEUS LEITNER (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkley, CA, 94720)

The Accelerator and Fusion Research Division at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab is currently designing the Neutralized Drift Compression Experiment (NDCX-II) in order to develop low-cost high line charge density acceleration for High Energy Density Physics (HEDP) experiments. The NDCX consists of an accel-decel injector, a matching section, and a slow wave accelerating structure surrounded by high field transport solenoids to contain the beam. The NDCX injector ion source has to be operated at a temperature of 1500 K. In order to predict misalignment of the source electrodes due to local heating we used Pro/Engineer CAD and ANSYS FEA software computations as well as analytical analysis, using radiation formulas. The best performing electrode configuration had a minimal misalignment. This turned to be the horizontal design when reducing the energy loads in the ion source it did not make significantly changes to the electromagnetic waves that hold and compress the ion beam. Thermal as well as structural simulations determined the changes of the actual theoretical design in the ion source.

Photon Mask Research and Design for the Advanced Light Source Sector 4 Vacuum Chamber Protection. SETH KARPINSKI (Columbia University New York, NY 10025) STEVE MARKS (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkley, CA, 94720)

MERLIN, a low energy, high resolution beamline, will incorporate an Elliptically Polarizing Undulator (EPU 90) that is currently in the design phase at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) located at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). The MERLIN EPU 90 will be located in sector 4 at an angle of 1.25 mrad relative to the central axis, downstream of the existing EPU 50. Installing MERLIN will orient the electron beam such that the associated high-energy photons will intercept the vacuum chamber wall, potentially damaging the wall. Before the installation process can proceed this safety issue must be remedied. Currently top and bottom photon masks exist on respective halves of the chamber, intended to block EPU 50 photons from the chamber wall. The goal of the analysis is to redesign masks such that photons from both EPU 90 and EPU 50 are intercepted. The new design must be able to maintain a temperature so as not to compromise the structure of the masks or the required chamber pressure of 10-19 Torr. Ray Tracing is used to define the required mask configuration (that which fully shields the vacuum chamber). We present a thermal analysis of the new design. Temperature rise is examined via ANSYS 9.0 Workbench (finite element analysis program), ultimately yielding a 3-D model of the photon mask displaying temperature variance within the entire volume (based upon load specification). Results show that at an operating energy of 1.9 GeV for EPU 50 and 90 as well as operating energy 1.5 GeV for EPU 50, the temperature increase and gas release are comparable to the present situation. Therefore the new mask performance associated with these cases is acceptable. Further analysis of EPU 90 operating at 1.5 GeV is needed; the temperature increase (52 degrees C) appears to be acceptable, however gas load issues must be addressed. Additional research will also include how new mask geometries may affect beam dynamics. These issues are all critical to the implementation of the MERLIN EPU 90 at the ALS.

Rechargeable Batteries. SARAH FRISINA (Lesley University Cambridge, MA 02138) STEVE JOHNSON (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkley, CA, 94720)

Today's world having electricity is necessary for living. In countries like Mexico, India, and China electricity is reserved only from the elite. Because electricity is so hard to come by, many of these countries do not have sufficient light to perform basic tasks like reading. In order to help with this problem the Environmental Energy Technology Division is working on a LED solar powered lighting system that will be affordable for people of all economic statuses. In order to maximize the efficiency of the system the proper rechargeable battery must be found. By talking to a number of experts in the field it was found that the two batteries that are best suited for the solar application are Lead Acid batteries. The Cyclon batteries are often used for solar application, and are powerful and light enough to use in a portable flashlight type system. The Genesis batteries are larger and provide more power needed in a stable brighter stationary system.

Simulation-Modeling of Environmental Conditions in the New, Naturally-Ventilated San Francisco Federal Office Building. JOSHUA SPERLING (University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80303) PHIL HAVES (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkley, CA, 94720)

This study uses computer simulation to examine the effect of different shading strategies on interior comfort conditions during periods of peak high temperature readings in the new, naturally-ventilated San Francisco Federal Building (SFFB) scheduled for occupancy in 2006. The EnergyPlus building energy simulation program was used to quantify the role of different shading elements in reducing solar gain and glare, and smoothing out interior natural daylight distribution in order to ensure long-term energy savings and occupant comfort. More specifically, this paper examines the effects of shading by operable blinds, overhangs and side fins attached to the façade, and surrounding buildings. Results indicate that a combination of shading elements can reduce the peak indoor temperature by ~5 K on hot summer afternoons, providing a significant improvement in thermal comfort conditions.

Theory and Design of a Portable, Quantitative, Airborne, Particulate Matter Sensor. GEORGE STERN (Gonzaga University Spokane, WA 99258) MICHAEL APTE (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkley, CA, 94720)

The health affects of airborne particulate matter (PM) has become a growing concern for environmental policy makers and regulators around the globe. Some types of PM have been linked to asthma, cancer, and other respiratory diseases. To establish beneficial and cost effective regulations, much more research must be conducted to determine exposure rates for natural and man-made PM and local baseline levels of naturally occurring PM must be quantified. Research on PM has been limited by the commercially available equipment which is bulky, heavy, and prohibitively expensive. To conduct statistically significant population-based studies and in a statistically significant number of locations, new measuring equipment had to be developed. The equipment had to operate in real time and be accurate, small, lightweight and cheap. Two different prototype models based on the same theoretical concept are being developed and will have the potential to be marketed. Using Van der Waals forces and either thermophoresis or electrostatic forces, the prototypes deposit particles onto a piezoelectric surface which vibrates at a characteristic frequency determined by external electrical circuitry. As the mass on the piezoelectric surface increases, the frequency of vibration decreases and the electronic circuitry converts the change in frequency into the weight of the particles sampled. Concurrently, by measuring the PM's absorption of IR and UV radiation, the type of particles being weighed can be identified and reported. Initial testing of all of the basic parts for each prototype was conducted. Each piece was revised and will be combined with other pieces to create a deployable product. During this SULI session, an improved stable, temperature compensated, quartz crystal oscillator was developed for mass sensing in a quartz crystal microbalance PM detector.